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Immune System Function, Conditions & Disorders - Cleveland Clinic
Your immune system is a network of organs, white blood cells, proteins and chemicals that work together to protect you from invaders (like germs) that can harm you.

Immune system - Wikipedia
Many species have two major subsystems of the immune system. The innate immune system provides a preconfigured response to broad groups of situations and stimuli. The adaptive immune system provides a tailored response to each stimulus by learning to recognize molecules it has previously encountered.

The immune system: Cells, tissues, function, and disease
The immune system defends the body from invaders such as viruses, bacteria, and foreign bodies. Find out how it works, what can go wrong, and how to boost immune health.

Immune system | Description, Function, Innate Immunity, Adaptive ...
The immune system is a group of defense responses found in humans and other advanced vertebrates that helps repel disease-causing entities. Immunity from disease is conferred by two cooperative systems: innate immunity and acquired (or adaptive) immunity.

The Immune System - Johns Hopkins Medicine
The immune system works to keep germs and other foreign substances out of the body and destroy any that get in. It's made up of a complicated network of cells and organs.

Immune System – Overview | Research
The immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that helps the body fight infections and other diseases.

Immune System and Disorders | Autoimmune Disease | MedlinePlus
Your immune system is made up of cells, tissues, and organs that fight infections and diseases. Learn how it works, and about diseases of the immune system.

What Is the Immune System? - National Institute of General Medical Sciences
The immune system is a trained army of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to block, detect, and eliminate harmful insults to your body. It can protect you from invaders like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.

Immune System - National Institutes of Health (NIH)
Vaccines stimulate the immune system to produce immune responses that protect against infection. Vaccines provide a safe, cost-effective, and efficient means of preventing illness, disability, and death from infectious diseases.

Introduction to immunology and immune disorders - PMC
At areas in contact with disease-causing organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites (collectively referred to as pathogens), the immune system provides ongoing active defense against infection.

* Rheumatology101 LATEST NEWS *

*Filter: "Immune-system"

Dear Doctor: My 22-year-old daughter is already getting gray hair. Is stress to blame?  OregonLive.com
New Study Reveals Immune Protein Fights Cancer Alone  Mega Doctor News
Eight ways to boost your immune system ahead of winter, according to a doctor  The Independent
How to Strengthen Your Immune System  University Health
What doctors want patients to know about rheumatoid arthritis  American Medical Association | AMA
Pinpointing New Cancer Targets for the Immune System’s Strike Force  NYU Langone Health
7 Secret Ways Doctors Boost Their Immune Systems  The Healthy @Reader's Digest
Scientists explore new frontier in autoimmune disease treatment by resetting 'rogue' cells  PBS
8 Surprising Ways to Strengthen Your Immune System Naturally, According to Doctors  Prevention
6 simple ways to boost your immune system  UT MD Anderson
How does COVID-19 kill? Uncertainty is hampering doctors’ ability to choose treatments  Nature
Can our brain talk to our immune system?  Harvard Health
Andrea Califano on Harnessing the Immune System  Columbia University Irving Medical Center
Doctor’s Note: Can you boost your immune system?  Al Jazeera
How Sleep Affects Your Immune System  Yale Medicine

Common Rheumatological Symptoms

Joint Pain (Arthralgia) — Persistent discomfort or soreness in one or more joints caused by inflammation, wear and tear, or underlying autoimmune responses.
Morning Stiffness — Reduced joint mobility and tightness upon waking, often lasting over 30 to 60 minutes in inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis.
Joint Swelling and Edema — Visible enlargement of affected joints resulting from fluid accumulation in the synovial membrane and inflamed surrounding tissue.
Localized Warmth and Redness — Elevated temperature and erythema skin discoloration surrounding inflamed joints due to increased blood flow from localized inflammation.
Systemic Fatigue — Overwhelming exhaustion and lack of energy caused by ongoing chronic inflammatory cytokine activity throughout the body.
Raynaud's Phenomenon — Temporary color changes in fingers or toes turning white, blue, and red in response to cold or stress due to vascular spasms.
Malar or Butterfly Rash — Red or purplish facial rash spanning across the bridge of the nose and cheeks, classically associated with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Milestones in Rheumatology History

c. 400 BC: Hippocratic Corpus Coining — Hippocrates uses the term "rheuma" to describe body humors flowing into joints, establishing the early classical concept of joint inflammation.
1592: Formal Definition of Rheumatism — French physician Guillaume de Baillou introduces the modern term "rheumatism" to distinguish systemic acute arthritis from localized gout.
1800: Clinical Description of Rheumatoid Arthritis — Augustin Jacob Landré-Beauvais publishes the first detailed clinical description separating rheumatoid arthritis from gout, calling it "asthenic gout."
1859: Naming of Rheumatoid Arthritis — Sir Alfred Baring Garrod formally coins the term "rheumatoid arthritis" to clearly differentiate the inflammatory autoimmune condition from osteoarthritis and gout.
1940: Discovery of the Rheumatoid Factor — Erik Waaler discovers autoantibodies in the blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, laying the groundwork for serological autoimmune diagnostics.
1948: Introduction of Corticosteroid Therapy — Philip Hench and Edward Kendall demonstrate the dramatic anti-inflammatory effects of Compound E (cortisone) in treating rheumatoid arthritis, earning the Nobel Prize.
1998: Emergence of Biologic DMARDs — The FDA approves the first TNF-alpha inhibitors, ushering in the modern era of targeted biologic therapies for autoimmune rheumatic diseases.

Current Trends in Rheumatology Research

Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-Cell Reset Therapy — Investigating engineered cellular therapies to achieve drug-free, durable clinical remissions by completely depleting pathogenic autoantibodies in severe refractory lupus and systemic sclerosis.
Selective TYK2 and Oral JAK Pathway Inhibition — Developing highly targeted, small-molecule oral inhibitors like deucravacitinib that disrupt specific cytokine signaling pathways while minimizing broader off-target side effects.
Targeted Pathogenic T-Cell and B-Cell Depletion — Evaluating novel biologics, such as rosnilimab and ianalumab, designed to selectively deplete overactive immune cell subpopulations involved in rheumatoid arthritis and Sjögren's disease.
Biomarker-Driven Precision Medicine — Utilizing pharmacogenomics and molecular biomarkers to predict individualized therapeutic responses and match systemic autoimmune conditions to specific biological mechanisms.
Subclinical Interception and Disease Prevention — Identifying seropositive individuals early using high-risk autoantibody profiles to initiate preventive targeted therapies before irreversible joint damage occurs.
Artificial Intelligence and Predictive Disease Modeling — Deploying machine learning algorithms across electronic health records and imaging modalities to forecast inflammatory flares and refine diagnostic accuracy.