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Lupus - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic
Lupus causes swelling and irritation, called inflammation, that may affect joints, skin, kidneys, blood cells, brain, heart and lungs. Lupus can be hard to diagnose because its symptoms often are like those of other illnesses. A common sign of lupus is a facial rash that looks like butterfly wings across both cheeks.

Lupus: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment
Lupus is an autoimmune disease that makes your immune system damage organs and tissue throughout your body. It causes inflammation that can affect your skin, joints, blood and organs like your kidneys, lungs and heart.

Lupus - Wikipedia
Lupus, formally called systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), is an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue in many parts of the body. [1] Symptoms vary among people and may be mild to severe. [1] Common symptoms include painful and swollen joints, fever, chest pain, hair loss, mouth ulcers, swollen lymph nodes, feeling tired, and a red rash which is ...

Lupus: Symptoms, Causes, Complications, and Treatment - WebMD
When you get Lupus, your immune system attacks your tissues, leading to various illnesses. Learn more about symptoms, complications, causes, types, diagnosis, & treatment options.

10 Early Signs of Lupus: How to Identify Them - Healthline
Lupus is an autoimmune disease that causes inflammation in different parts of the body. Learn more about the early signs and symptoms of lupus.

What is lupus? - Lupus Foundation of America
Find out more about lupus: the symptoms, types, causes, and who is at risk for developing this chronic autoimmune disease.

Lupus | Lupus | CDC
Learn more about lupus, its symptoms, causes, and treatment options.

Lupus Basics | Lupus | CDC
Lupus is a long-term, autoimmune disease that affects many parts of the body. There can be many different signs and symptoms of lupus, which makes it hard to diagnose. Lupus has no cure, but medicines and lifestyle changes can help treat and manage it.

What is systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the most common form of lupus — it’s the type that 7 in 10 people with lupus have. It's what most people mean when they say "lupus." Experts don’t know what causes SLE. Many scientists believe that lupus develops in response to a combination of factors ...

Lupus - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic
Diagnosing lupus is hard because symptoms vary from person to person. Also, symptoms of lupus may change over time. And they can be like those of other conditions. No one test can diagnose lupus. A healthcare professional makes the diagnosis based on the results of blood and urine tests, symptoms, medical history and a physical exam.

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A North Carolina Mother Struggling with Lupus for Years Finds Relief at UNC School of Medicine  UNC Health
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Diagnosis and Treatment  American Academy Of Family Physicians | AAFP
Raised Levels of Gut Bacterial Wall Toxin Shown to Trigger Lupus Nephritis  NYU Langone Health
CASE: CAR T-Cell Therapy for Lupus Patient With Kidney Involvement  Cleveland Clinic
Christina Applegate's MS misdiagnosis after 5 years of treatment exposes alarming medical reality  Fox News
Lupus & You Q&A: Holistic, Integrative and Lifestyle Approaches  Lupus Foundation of America
How to Find Out If You Have Lupus  Cedars-Sinai
When to Call Your Doctor During a Lupus Flare  HealthCentral
Lupus: A frustrating diagnosis journey you don’t need to embark alone  Michigan Medicine
Comprehensive lupus nephritis clinic brings coordinated specialty care to USF Health patients  the University of South Florida
Physician Hired to Treat Lupus Sufferers Now Leading Critical Research  University of Nevada, Las Vegas | UNLV
What Lupus Patients Want Their Doctor to Know  Time Magazine
What is Lupus? Understanding the Symptoms and Treatment  NewYork-Presbyterian
What is lupus, and do we know what causes it?  Nebraska Medicine
The lowdown on lupus  UT Physicians

Common Rheumatological Symptoms

Joint Pain (Arthralgia) — Persistent discomfort or soreness in one or more joints caused by inflammation, wear and tear, or underlying autoimmune responses.
Morning Stiffness — Reduced joint mobility and tightness upon waking, often lasting over 30 to 60 minutes in inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis.
Joint Swelling and Edema — Visible enlargement of affected joints resulting from fluid accumulation in the synovial membrane and inflamed surrounding tissue.
Localized Warmth and Redness — Elevated temperature and erythema skin discoloration surrounding inflamed joints due to increased blood flow from localized inflammation.
Systemic Fatigue — Overwhelming exhaustion and lack of energy caused by ongoing chronic inflammatory cytokine activity throughout the body.
Raynaud's Phenomenon — Temporary color changes in fingers or toes turning white, blue, and red in response to cold or stress due to vascular spasms.
Malar or Butterfly Rash — Red or purplish facial rash spanning across the bridge of the nose and cheeks, classically associated with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Milestones in Rheumatology History

c. 400 BC: Hippocratic Corpus Coining — Hippocrates uses the term "rheuma" to describe body humors flowing into joints, establishing the early classical concept of joint inflammation.
1592: Formal Definition of Rheumatism — French physician Guillaume de Baillou introduces the modern term "rheumatism" to distinguish systemic acute arthritis from localized gout.
1800: Clinical Description of Rheumatoid Arthritis — Augustin Jacob Landré-Beauvais publishes the first detailed clinical description separating rheumatoid arthritis from gout, calling it "asthenic gout."
1859: Naming of Rheumatoid Arthritis — Sir Alfred Baring Garrod formally coins the term "rheumatoid arthritis" to clearly differentiate the inflammatory autoimmune condition from osteoarthritis and gout.
1940: Discovery of the Rheumatoid Factor — Erik Waaler discovers autoantibodies in the blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, laying the groundwork for serological autoimmune diagnostics.
1948: Introduction of Corticosteroid Therapy — Philip Hench and Edward Kendall demonstrate the dramatic anti-inflammatory effects of Compound E (cortisone) in treating rheumatoid arthritis, earning the Nobel Prize.
1998: Emergence of Biologic DMARDs — The FDA approves the first TNF-alpha inhibitors, ushering in the modern era of targeted biologic therapies for autoimmune rheumatic diseases.

Current Trends in Rheumatology Research

Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-Cell Reset Therapy — Investigating engineered cellular therapies to achieve drug-free, durable clinical remissions by completely depleting pathogenic autoantibodies in severe refractory lupus and systemic sclerosis.
Selective TYK2 and Oral JAK Pathway Inhibition — Developing highly targeted, small-molecule oral inhibitors like deucravacitinib that disrupt specific cytokine signaling pathways while minimizing broader off-target side effects.
Targeted Pathogenic T-Cell and B-Cell Depletion — Evaluating novel biologics, such as rosnilimab and ianalumab, designed to selectively deplete overactive immune cell subpopulations involved in rheumatoid arthritis and Sjögren's disease.
Biomarker-Driven Precision Medicine — Utilizing pharmacogenomics and molecular biomarkers to predict individualized therapeutic responses and match systemic autoimmune conditions to specific biological mechanisms.
Subclinical Interception and Disease Prevention — Identifying seropositive individuals early using high-risk autoantibody profiles to initiate preventive targeted therapies before irreversible joint damage occurs.
Artificial Intelligence and Predictive Disease Modeling — Deploying machine learning algorithms across electronic health records and imaging modalities to forecast inflammatory flares and refine diagnostic accuracy.